Virtual Time-Space of Kyoto27/03/2006 |
| Towards Building Social Consensus Using GIS |
| The post-war construction of tall, modern buildings in Kyoto has generated heated debate on issues such as what kind of landscape is most beneficial for the city and how can economic progress and environmental protection go hand in hand. The author shows how the use of GIS and Virtual Reality makes it easier to communicate to stakeholders proposed changes to landscape than by 2D-maps alone. Such 4D-GIS are becoming an essential tool in building social consensus. |
| Keiji Yano, Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto, Japan |
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The present-day Kyoto cityscape is characterised by medium to tall high-rise buildings of the post-war era, such as the Kyoto Tower, Kyoto Hotel and, more recently, the Kyoto Station Building. These structures stand out particularly against the backdrop of streets and alleys that have existed in the Kyoto basin since the Heian period, and some pre-war herit-age buildings and structures such as shrines (about 350), temples (about 1,300), distinctive townhouses called Kyo-machiya (about 24,000) and modern buildings (about 2,000). Over the past five years the number of Kyo-machiya has fallen by 13% to16%. Continuation of this trend may completely erase Kyo-machiya from the cityscape of Kyoto. The question is how to arrive at a timely understanding of the consequences of planned changes such as the construction of high-rise buildings, and how to communicate these plans to the stakeholders and build social consensus. For this we have developed a Virtual Time-Space approach based on GIS and Virtual Reality (VR) technology and applying Prof. Steinitz’s framework for GIS-based landscape planning.
These models consist of factors such as recognising the context, specifying the research methodology, and initiating research and repetition. Most importantly, all six models use maps. For example, several scenarios are firstly planned, and for each scenario the future of the concerned region is projected. Upon each scenario a visual representation (map) is generated of the appearance of the future landscape. These maps finally turn out to be very useful resources in the decision-making process undertaken by stakeholders. Virtual Time-Space Representing landscape through 2D-maps does not ensure that the majority of the general public will understand the implications of any change; not everybody can read maps or reconstruct mentally a 3D landscape from a 2D-map image (see sidebar). There is thus a need to use Information Technology (IT) as a tool for visualising the landscape in the full three dimensions of space, as well as time, within a virtual space, and to view that virtual landscape from various points of view. The advantage of such a VR system is that one can see simulations of non-existing, planned landscapes, which can be viewed by several users simultaneously. We developed a Virtual Time-Space of today’s Kyoto by generating a database of the cityscape using 2D-GIS, in addition to applying the elaborate 3D-city model of Kyoto by Map Cube. We also generated a virtual space of Kyoto as it was in the past using geo-data resources such as old topographic maps, aerial photographs and residential maps from the beginning of the Taisho period. Finally, we reconstructed the changes in Kyoto’s cityscape on a 4D platform by introducing a time dimension into the 3D-model. Final Remarks In his fine artwork Heisei no Rakucho Rakugai (In and out of Kyoto), Ikuo Hirayama depicts the complexity of the city and streets through paintings. In a similar way, it is now possible to recreate these complex details by computer using GIS and VR technology. 4D-GIS enables the transformation of 2D-maps into models for sharing information on planned landscape changes. Such Virtual Time-Space is becoming an essential tool in building social consensus. Acknowledgement Thanks are due to the Urban Improvement Section, the City of Kyoto, NPO Machiya-saisei-kenkyukai and Shochiku Co, Ltd. This article is an outcome of the 21st-century COE Programme (2002-2006) ‘Kyoto Arts and Entertainment Innovation Research’ funded by MEXT and ‘Open Research Centre’ funded by MEXT to conduct further studies on ‘Interdisciplinary Research on Media and Images of the Digital Era.’ Further Reading |
| Biography of the Author(s) Keiji Yano received both his master’s and doctoral degrees in Geography from the Tokyo Metropolitan University. He continues his fundamental interest in GIS in human geography. Currently he is involved in creating the Kyoto Virtual Time, based on 4D-GIS. For this project he and his colleagues received the Digital Silk Roads Prize (Poster session) from UNESCO in 2003. |
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